Tool Steel

how about 440c steel vs d2 steel What is 440c Steel?Especially 440c stainless steel is a high carbon martensitic stainless steel. That comes with high strength, moderate corrosion resistance, and perfect hardness and wear resistance. On the other hand, it is capable of attaining, after heat treatment, the highest strength, hardness and wear resistance of all the stainless alloys. What is D2 steel?D2 steel is a ordinary tool steel and knife steel. That is professionaly popular such as the Japanese designation SKD11, Uddeholm Sverker 21, German designation 1.2379,  Hitachi SLD and others. Which knife for best? How long sharpen? Where did it come from? How do its properties compare to other steels? Find your right answers here! Is 440c steel good for knife?If you looking for stainless steel, then you can use these 440c because it is mid-range stainless steel that provides perfect corrosion resistance and perfect water resistance and will take a wonderful mirror polish. That’s why this is good for knives and provides long-lasting using performance. Is D2 steel good for knife?As from features, for presenting d2 continue to grow in the knife industry, generally because of their working performance and reasonable price, a lot of superior low budget knives are building their reputation. On the other hand, these types of steel provide high wear resistance and toughness. If you want for best steel 14c28n and others steel then you can ready 14c28n vs 420hc review. Is 440c steel easy to sharpen?440c get most popularity for its blocky carbide structure and large grain. The steel can certainly take a sharp edge but will never be like razor blade steel. There is one the best advance it will cut through the carbides. Get for best result keep your synthetic stone clean and I’m pretty sure any of them can do that. Is D2 steel easy to sharpen?The steel is an air-hardness tool steel that is considered semi-stainless because of its high chromium content. That’s why it easy to work and looks nice. On the other hand, in d2 air-hardness steel, you can’t differentially temper the blade-like other high carbon steel because the steel can also be challenging to sharpen. 440c steel hardness440c is a martensitic 400 series stainless steel, and it the high-quality content from 400 stainless steel series. That is usually heat treated to reach hardness of 58-60 HRC. Use can use for this bearing steel, and use in rolling contact stainless  bearing, e.g. ball bearings and roller bearings. D2 steel hardnessThe steel is susceptible to overheating during hardening – do not overheat. That is an air-hardening- high carbon, high chromium tool steel. The steel comes with increased wear and abrasion resistance properties. Get for a complete guide about other steel;  

What Is A2 Steel?The A2 steel is one such steel, and it’s a popular option for fixed blade knives. With this review, we will find out exactly what the A2 steel has to offer for all these factors. We will delve deep into its chemical makeup, and compare it directly to other similar steels. We will find out whether its features, advantages, and drawbacks match up with your own requirements.A2 steel is a type of tool steel that also contains high carbon levels, along with significant levels of vanadium. It’s very versatile, chiefly noted for its excellent toughness and its dimensional stability after hardening and tempering.Brands that work with A2 steel find it easy to work with, and consumers appreciate its affordable price and its good overall performance. It’s used in many types of cutting tools, along with other industrial components such as dies.Common Uses of A2 steelThis can be a long list, as A2 steel is used for a wide range of different products. You can find A2 steel used for:· Knives· Shear blades· Cutting tools for woodworking· Hammers· Precision tools· Many different types of dies (large blanking dies, extrusion dies, forming dies, trimming dies, coining dies, stamping dies, and thread roller dies)· Slitters· Mandrels· Gauges· Plastic injection tooling· Master hubs· Rolls· Long punches· Dowel pins· Chuck jawsA2 steel Chemical CompositionLet’s check out the elements in the A2 steel alloy makeup.· Carbon, 0.9% to 1.05%· Chromium, 4.9% to 5.3%· Molybdenum, 0.9% to 1.1%· Manganese, 0.4% to 0.6%· Vanadium, 0.15% to 0.2%· Silicon, 0.2% to 0.35%· Phosphorus, 0.025% at the most· Sulfur, 0.005% at the mostCarbon, 0.9% to 1.05%: This makes the A2 a type of carbon steel, with significant amounts of carbon to boost its edge retention and wear resistance. The carbon also improves the hardenability of the A2 steel. The amount of carbon is just right, so that the steel remains tolerably ductile and easy to machine.Chromium, 4.9% to 5.3%: This is not enough to make the A2 part of the stainless-steel category. But it still helps with corrosion resistance, and it also improves the hardenability of the steel.Molybdenum, 0.9% to 1.1%: This is a carbide former that boosts the steel’s strength in high temperatures, its creep strength, and its hardenability. It generally works combined with the manganese and vanadium.Manganese, 0.4% to 0.6%: This has effects similar to carbon, and it’s often considered the most important element next to carbon itself. It improves tensile strength and hardenability, and also helps in taking out the sulfur and the oxygens from the molten steel. But the amount is limited, since too much manganese can lead to lower ductility.Vanadium, 0.15% to 0.2%: The vanadium improves its resistance to fatigue stress and wear. It also boosts the hardenability, shock loading resistance, and toughness against fractures.Silicon, 0.2% to 0.35%: This also acts as a deoxidizer, meaning that it helps take out oxygen bubbles from the molten steel. It strengthens the iron and makes the steel harder, though it reduces the ductility which is why not much of it is used.Phosphorus, 0.025% at the most: This is usually regarded as an impurity, hence the tiny amount allowed in the alloy. At this level though, the phosphorus does boost the hardness and strength of the steel. You just don’t want too much of it, because that can lead to brittleness.Sulfur, 0.005% at the mos:. This is another “impurity” that can help at extremely tiny amounts. It boosts the machinability of the steel.A2 steel hardnessThe specific hardness of the A2 steel will depend on the heat treatment used. In most cases, the HRC rating will range within 57 to 62 HRC. Its hardness is mostly because of the relatively high carbon content, though the comparatively lower chromium content (compared to the chromium content in D2 and D3 steels) means that it’s not quite as resistant to abrasion and wear.But it’s relatively easy to machine, and its hardness ensures a good edge for a good while.Properties of A2 steelCheck out what features you can expect from A2 steel.Easy to Work WithThis is one of the main reasons why it’s still used by lots of brands for knives after 60 years. It’s relatively easy to machine, and it doesn’t deform easily. It maintains its dimensional stability nicely after hardening and tempering.Lots of amateur metalsmiths and budding knifemakers also like working with A2 steel. In fact, you may want to specify the use of A2 steel for a custom knife.AffordableA2 steel knives are generally more affordable. It’s because of the relatively simple chemical makeup, and also because it’s just so easy for knife manufacturers to work with.Extremely ToughThis simply won’t chip off easily, and it can withstand hacking uses that can break and chip off harder steels. That’s why it’s popular for fixed blade knives, and especially for use in outdoor activities. It’s tougher than almost all the knife steels out there.Good Edge RetentionYou won’t have to sharpen the knife every day, and surely not in the middle of the day. In fact, some A2 knives can be used daily for a couple of months before it needs to be sharpened. It keeps its edge nicely, although its edge retention isn’t at the super-steel level.Relatively Easy to SharpenYou can use water stones or basic Arkansas stones just fine, and it won’t take you a very long while.Acceptable Corrosion ResistanceThat means you can use this in humid areas and it won’t rust with proper maintenance. But you will have issues with patina, since it’s not stainless steel.A2 Equivalent Steels or AlternativeA2 Steel vs D2The D2 offers a greater balance in terms of all-around performance. It’s slightly better at maintaining a sharp edge, it’s somewhat easier to sharpen, and it’s even a tad better at resisting corrosion.On the other hand, the A2 is notably tougher, which means it’s less likely to chip off. If you’re going to prioritize toughness when you use a knife more for hacking, then perhaps the A2 is the better choice. The A2 is also generally more affordable, since it’s easier for brands to work with.A2 vs o1 SteelThe o1 is another good all-around performer. It matches the toughness and the edge retention of A2, while it’s slightly easier to sharpen. On the other hand, the A2 is much more corrosion-resistant.A2 Steel vs 3vMany also consider the 3v as the ideal steel for a fixed blade knife (especially when the price is also factored in). The 3v is astoundingly tough, and you won’t really find another steel that’s tougher than 3v. Yet the 3v edge retention is also a bit better than what you get with the A2 steel.On the other hand, you will find the A2 steel easier to sharpen, and it’s also a lot more affordable.A2 Steel vs M2The M2 can be quite hard, and its edge retention is better than the A2. But the A2 is easier to sharpen, as the M2 is definitely problematic when it comes to sharpening. The A2 is better at corrosion resistance, and it’s also much tougher. 

How About D2 Steel VS 8Cr13MoV Steel What is D2 Steel?D2 Steel - This steel This is not technically Stainless, but Tool Steel. However, it Because of this it has good rust resistance. It is much tougher than most stainless steels, but not as tough as most of the other tool steel. This steel does have excellent wear resistance. It has great edge retention but can be very difficult to sharpen. This is also a tough material to mirror polish, so it you will almost never see it that way. Its carbon content is 1.50-1.60%.has a high chromium content, just less than what might classify it as stainless steel.  What is 8Cr13MoV Steel?8Cr13MoV Steel -  This steel is a popular budget brand of knife steel, which is made in China. It's considered Stainless Steel. In its composition this steel is close to the Japanese steel of AUS-8 grade. 8Cr13MoV steel at its low cost demonstrates very worthy characteristics of cutting. At suitable heat treatment of steel the products made of 8Cr13MoV steel retain for a long time the sharpness of the cutting edge and have a very good corrosion resistance. The range of steel hardness is indicated int eh chart below. Manufacturing and Heat TreatmentThe process of 8Cr13MoV Blade steel starts from melting and goes all the way to heat treatment.  Firstly, the composition selected is melted in a Vacuum Induction Furnace and cast in Die mold. For die Steel, we usually use D2 Steel, W1 Steel, or some related die steel. Moulded SteelSteel is forged into an electrode for electro slag re-melting in the presence of the Argon atmosphere.  Re-melted Steel forged again to achieve a martensitic structure. The martensitic structural formation found in the TTT diagram of Steel. After forging, the spheroidizing process primarily used to improve cutting ability and to relieve stresses generated in forging. The reason for spheroidizing can be understood by reading the article, “Annealing Types”. In this article, the relation of carbon percentage to spheroidized microstructure is mentioned for higher cutting ability. The tempering temperature used is 180-150o C. 8Cr13MoV steel usesWith spheroidizing of Steel, the cutting ability of Steel dramatically enhances. That’s why the primary use of Chinese 8Cr13MoV Steel is the manufacturing of scissors and knives. The classes of knives which use this SteelSteel are; Is 8Cr13MoV stainless steel good?Surely yes, with high carbon and chromium content 8Cr13MoV steels have excellent wear resistance, corrosion resistance, edge retention and high hardness. It’s a great steel for knife applications. Is d2 steel better than 8cr13mov?D2 steel is a tool steel while 8Cr13MoV is considered as stainless steel. The cutting properties of 8Cr13MoV are better than D2 and it can be sharpen more easily.

1.2311 and 1.2378, which is one is more suitable for you？ Nowadays, with the development of economic, plastic plays an important role in our daily life. so the plastic mold steel also important for us. Plastic mold steel is mold steel for plastics. Plastic mold materials are mainly based on mold steel. 1.2311 and 1.2378 steel is the typical mold steel. Both of them are produced by the German DIN standard. The development of mold steel has promoted the development of industrial products in the direction of advanced, diversified, personalized, and high added value. What is the difference between 1.2311 and 1.2738?1.2311 tool steel is a mold material for plastic injection, it belongs to the high-quality medium carbon, Pre-hardness(28~34HRc), Cold work plastic mold steel. It is no need for further heat treatment. so you don’t have any worry about distortion or cracking. 1.2311 steel is most widely used to plastic mold material in injection plastic mold. After heat treatment, processing and polishing performance is good, 1.2311 can be carried out, and can be processed, suitable for the surface treatment of chrome, material hardness even (to 400mm thick), good toughness, good mechanical processing performance. Main be applied to in zinc, aluminum, magnesium, and its alloy die-casting mold; Hot-pressing mold, all kinds of a hot forging die; Metal extrusion dies, die set. 1.2738 steel has relatively superior mechanical properties and good processability among similar grades of steel. Since the1. 2738 mold steel has been pre-hardened, when it leaves the factory, it can be directly used for processing, thereby reducing the heat treatment, link in the normal mold production, it processing and improving economic benefits. It’s pre-hardened plastic mold steel, executes standard 29-33HRC. 1.2738 with about 1% nickel content. Due to the addition of the nickel element, its harden ability is improved, and the hardness distribution of large sections, and thick plates is uniform. 1.2738 is mainly used in large plastic molds and mold bases, such as automobile bumpers and TV shell molds. Suitable for molds requiring high lightness, such as the production of hard rubber (PS),and ultra-hardened rubber (ABS), etc. televisions, fax machines, plastic parts for home appliances, and automotive parts that require a certain degree of polishing. its characteristics are: excellent processing performance, easy cutting and polishing and electrical corrosion performance. 

SKD11 Tool Steel Chemical Component Analysis What is steel?Steel is an alloy made up of iron with typically a few tenths of a percent of carbon to improve its strength and fracture resistance compared to iron. Many other elements may be present or added. Stainless steels that are corrosion- and oxidation-resistant need typically an additional 11% chromium. Because of its high tensile strength and low cost, steel is used in buildings, infrastructure, tools, ships, trains, cars, machines, electrical appliances, and weapons. What is too steel?Tool steel is a type of carbon alloy steel that is well-matched for tool manufacturing, such as hand tools or machine dies. Its hardness, resistance to abrasion and ability to retain shape at increased temperatures are the key properties of this material. Tool steel is typically used in a heat treated condition which provides increased hardness.Types of Tool Steel. The different tool steel grades include:Water HardeningAir HardeningCold Work tool steelHot work tool steelOil HardeningShock resisting types What is cold work tool steel?The cold-work tool steels include the O series (oil-hardening), the A series (air-hardening), and the D series (high carbon-chromium). These are steels used to cut or form materials that are at low temperatures. This group possesses high hardenability and wear resistance, and average toughness and heat softening resistance. They are used in production of larger parts or parts that require minimal distortion during hardening. The use of oil quenching and air-hardening helps reduce distortion, avoiding the higher stresses caused by the quicker water quenching. More alloying elements are used in these steels, as compared to the water-hardening class. These alloys increase the steels' hardenability, and thus require a less severe quenching process and as a result are less likely to crack. They have high surface hardness and are often used to make knife blades. The machinability of the oil hardening grades is high but for the high carbon-chromium types is low. What is SKD11 steel?SKD11 steel is a high carbon – high chromium air hardening cold work tool steel, heat treatable to 60-62 HRC. SKD11 offers excellent wear and abrasion resistance, due to large volumes of carbides in the micro-structure. SKD11 steel is widely used in long production cold work applications requiring very high wear resistance and high compression strength. It is machinable in the annealed condition, and, like other air hardening tool steels, exhibits minimal distortion in heat treat. SKD11 steel is available in de-carb free rounds, flats, and squares, as well as ground flat stock and drill rod. What SKD11 steel used?Typical applications for SKD11 steel are blanking, forming, and trim dies, gages, slitting cutters, wear parts, lamination dies, thread rolling dies, drawing dies, rotary cutting dies, knurls, bending dies, gages, shear blades, burnishing tools, rolls, machine parts, master parts, injection screw and tip components, seaming rolls, extrusion dies, tire shredders, scrap choppers, Stamping dies, Forming Dies, Punches, Forming Rolls, Knives, slitters, shear blades, Tools, Scrap choppers, Tyre shredders, etc. SKD11 Steel Chemical Composition Standard:JIS G 4404 :   Alloy tool steels SKD11 Steel Grade All Grades Comparison:ASTM;Material No.;DIN;EN;JISD2;1.2379;X155CrVMo12-1;X160CrMoV121;SKD11 SKD11 Steel Chemical Composition(%)CSiMnPSCrMoV1.40-1.600.10-0.600.10-0.600.030 max0.030 max11.0-13.00.70-1.200.50-1.10 SKD11 Steel Elements Analysis:Carbon-CCarbon is inseparable from steel and is therefore usually not defined as alloying constituent. Carbon is the most important element for the majority of steels and has the strongest influence on their properties. Vanadium-VVanadium refines the primary grain and thus the as cast structure. It is a strong carbide forming element, thus causing an increase in wear resistance, edge holding properly and high-temperature strength. It is therefore a preferred alloying constituent in high-speed steels, hot work tool steels and high-temperature steels.  Chromium-CrChromium makes steel oil and air hardenable. By lowering the critical cooling rate necessary for the formation of martensite, it increases hardenability and thus improves heat treating properties while at the same time it reduces impact strength. Chromium is a strong carbide former.  Manganese-MnManganese has a deoxidizing effect. It combines with sulphur to form manganese sulphides and hus lowers the untavourable effect of iron sulphides. This is of particular importance for free- cuting steels because itreduces the risk of red shortness. Molybdenum-MoMolybdenum is mostly added together with other alloying elements. By reducing the critical cooling rate, it improves hardenability Mn reduces to a large extent temper brittleness, e.g. in CrNi and Mn steels, and promotes fine-grain formation. Nickel-NiIn constructional steels, Ni causes an increase of impact strength, even at subzero temperatures is therefore added to case-hardening steels, heat treatable steels and steels intended for low temperature service to increase theirtoughness properties All transformation points (A1-A4) are lowered by nickel. Aluminum-AlAluminum is the strongest and most common used deoxidizing and dentriding agent. It has therefor a favorable effect on the intensivity to ageing and it promotes a fine grain formation, when added in small amounts. Copper-CuCopper is only added to a few steel grades, because it builds up below the oxide layer and produces high surface sensitivity in hot forming operations due to penetration into the grain boundary.  Silicon – SiSilicon has a deoxidizing effect. It promotes graphite precipitation and narrows subtantially the gamma-range. It increases strength and wear resistance (heat treatable Si-Mn steels). Silicon causes a considerable increase of the elastic limit and is therefore most suitable as alloying constituent in spring steels. Owing to its ability to improve substantially the resistance to scaling, Si is added to heat resisting steels. Its contents are, however, limited, as it impairs the hot and cold forming properties. Sulphur – SAmong all trace elements, sulphur produces the most serious segregations. Iron sulphide leads to red shortness because the low melting sulphide eutectics surround the grains like a net, resulting in a low coherence of the latter and in breaking up of grain boundaries during hot forming. This phenomenon is intensified by the effect of oxygen. How SKD11 steel produce?Electric Arc Furnace (EAF) Melting: This process is also known as primary melting. It is based on the melting of metal chips which are obtained from milling processes and suppliers. Basically, EAF melting uses leftovers of different metal processing methods. Electric arc furnace melting is widely used because the production costs are low. Still some extra treatment may be needed to achieve the highest possible quality and properties. An example of this is annealing to prevent cracking.Electroslag Refining (ESR): Electroslag refining is also known as electroslag remelting. Throughout the process, the metal is melted progressively. The resulting ingots have good surface quality without notable imperfections. 

D2 Tool Steel Chemical Component Analysis What is steel?Steel is an alloy made up of iron with typically a few tenths of a percent of carbon to improve its strength and fracture resistance compared to iron. Many other elements may be present or added. Stainless steels that are corrosion- and oxidation-resistant need typically an additional 11% chromium. Because of its high tensile strength and low cost, steel is used in buildings, infrastructure, tools, ships, trains, cars, machines, electrical appliances, and weapons. What is too steel?Tool steel is a type of carbon alloy steel that is well-matched for tool manufacturing, such as hand tools or machine dies. Its hardness, resistance to abrasion and ability to retain shape at increased temperatures are the key properties of this material. Tool steel is typically used in a heat treated condition which provides increased hardness.Types of Tool Steel. The different tool steel grades include:Water HardeningAir HardeningD TypeOil HardeningShock resisting typesHot-Working. What is D type tool steel?D Type (D-Grades) This is a high carbon, high chromium (air hardening) tool steel. It was formulated to combine both the abrasion resistance and air-hardening characteristics. Common applications for these tool steels include forging dies, die-casting die blocks, and drawing dies. Typical Applications of D-Grade tool steel include Burnishing Tools, File Cutting, Paper Cutters, Die Bending, Blanking, Coining, Cold Heading Die Inserts, Embossing, Cold Extrusion, Cold Forming, Lamination, Cold Swaging, Thread Roll, Cold Trimming, Wire Drawing, Gages, Paper Knives, Rotary Slitters, Cold Shear Knives, Woodworking Knives, Knurling tools and Lathe Center Knives. What is D2 steel?D2 steel is a high carbon – high chromium air hardening tool steel, heat treatable to 60-62 HRC. D2 offers excellent wear and abrasion resistance, due to large volumes of carbides in the micro-structure. D2 steel is widely used in long production cold work applications requiring very high wear resistance and high compression strength. It is machinable in the annealed condition, and, like other air hardening tool steels, exhibits minimal distortion in heat treat. D2 steel is available in de-carb free rounds, flats, and squares, as well as ground flat stock and drill rod. What D2 steel used?Typical applications for D2 steel are blanking, forming, and trim dies, gages, slitting cutters, wear parts, lamination dies, thread rolling dies, drawing dies, rotary cutting dies, knurls, bending dies, gages, shear blades, burnishing tools, rolls, machine parts, master parts, injection screw and tip components, seaming rolls, extrusion dies, tire shredders, scrap choppers, Stamping dies, Forming Dies, Punches, Forming Rolls, Knives, slitters, shear blades, Tools, Scrap choppers, Tyre shredders, etc. D2 Steel Chemical Composition Standard:ASTM A681 – 08 Standard Specification for Tool Steels Alloy. D2 Steel Grade All Grades Comparison:ASTM;Material No.;DIN;END2;1.2379;X155CrVMo12-1;X160CrMoV121 D2 Steel Chemical Composition(%)CSiMnPSCrMoV1.40-1.600.10-0.600.10-0.600.030 max0.030 max11.0-13.00.70-1.200.50-1.10 D2 Steel Elements Analysis:Carbon-CCarbon is inseparable from steel and is therefore usually not defined as alloying constituent. Carbon is the most important element for the majority of steels and has the strongest influence on their properties. Vanadium-VVanadium refines the primary grain and thus the as cast structure. It is a strong carbide forming element, thus causing an increase in wear resistance, edge holding properly and high-temperature strength. It is therefore a preferred alloying constituent in high-speed steels, hot work tool steels and high-temperature steels.  Chromium-CrChromium makes steel oil and air hardenable. By lowering the critical cooling rate necessary for the formation of martensite, it increases hardenability and thus improves heat treating properties while at the same time it reduces impact strength. Chromium is a strong carbide former.  Manganese-MnManganese has a deoxidizing effect. It combines with sulphur to form manganese sulphides and hus lowers the untavourable effect of iron sulphides. This is of particular importance for free- cuting steels because itreduces the risk of red shortness. Molybdenum-MoMolybdenum is mostly added together with other alloying elements. By reducing the critical cooling rate, it improves hardenability Mn reduces to a large extent temper brittleness, e.g. in CrNi and Mn steels, and promotes fine-grain formation. Nickel-NiIn constructional steels, Ni causes an increase of impact strength, even at subzero temperatures is therefore added to case-hardening steels, heat treatable steels and steels intended for low temperature service to increase theirtoughness properties All transformation points (A1-A4) are lowered by nickel. Aluminum-AlAluminum is the strongest and most common used deoxidizing and dentriding agent. It has therefor a favorable effect on the intensivity to ageing and it promotes a fine grain formation, when added in small amounts. Copper-CuCopper is only added to a few steel grades, because it builds up below the oxide layer and produces high surface sensitivity in hot forming operations due to penetration into the grain boundary.  Silicon – SiSilicon has a deoxidizing effect. It promotes graphite precipitation and narrows subtantially the gamma-range. It increases strength and wear resistance (heat treatable Si-Mn steels). Silicon causes a considerable increase of the elastic limit and is therefore most suitable as alloying constituent in spring steels. Owing to its ability to improve substantially the resistance to scaling, Si is added to heat resisting steels. Its contents are, however, limited, as it impairs the hot and cold forming properties. Sulphur – SAmong all trace elements, sulphur produces the most serious segregations. Iron sulphide leads to red shortness because the low melting sulphide eutectics surround the grains like a net, resulting in a low coherence of the latter and in breaking up of grain boundaries during hot forming. This phenomenon is intensified by the effect of oxygen. How D2 steel produce?Electric Arc Furnace (EAF) Melting: This process is also known as primary melting. It is based on the melting of metal chips which are obtained from milling processes and suppliers. Basically, EAF melting uses leftovers of different metal processing methods. Electric arc furnace melting is widely used because the production costs are low. Still some extra treatment may be needed to achieve the highest possible quality and properties. An example of this is annealing to prevent cracking.Electroslag Refining (ESR): Electroslag refining is also known as electroslag remelting. Throughout the process, the metal is melted progressively. The resulting ingots have good surface quality without notable imperfections. 

1.2379 Tool Steel Chemical Component Analysis What is steel?Steel is an alloy made up of iron with typically a few tenths of a percent of carbon to improve its strength and fracture resistance compared to iron. Many other elements may be present or added. Stainless steels that are corrosion- and oxidation-resistant need typically an additional 11% chromium. Because of its high tensile strength and low cost, steel is used in buildings, infrastructure, tools, ships, trains, cars, machines, electrical appliances, and weapons. What is too steel?Tool steel is a type of carbon alloy steel that is well-matched for tool manufacturing, such as hand tools or machine dies. Its hardness, resistance to abrasion and ability to retain shape at increased temperatures are the key properties of this material. Tool steel is typically used in a heat treated condition which provides increased hardness.Types of Tool Steel. The different tool steel grades include:Water HardeningAir HardeningCold Work tool steelHot work tool steelOil HardeningShock resisting types What is cold work tool steel?The cold-work tool steels include the O series (oil-hardening), the A series (air-hardening), and the D series (high carbon-chromium). These are steels used to cut or form materials that are at low temperatures. This group possesses high hardenability and wear resistance, and average toughness and heat softening resistance. They are used in production of larger parts or parts that require minimal distortion during hardening. The use of oil quenching and air-hardening helps reduce distortion, avoiding the higher stresses caused by the quicker water quenching. More alloying elements are used in these steels, as compared to the water-hardening class. These alloys increase the steels' hardenability, and thus require a less severe quenching process and as a result are less likely to crack. They have high surface hardness and are often used to make knife blades. The machinability of the oil hardening grades is high but for the high carbon-chromium types is low. What is 1.2379 steel?1.2379 steel is a high carbon – high chromium air hardening cold work tool steel, heat treatable to 60-62 HRC. 1.2379 offers excellent wear and abrasion resistance, due to large volumes of carbides in the micro-structure. 1.2379 steel is widely used in long production cold work applications requiring very high wear resistance and high compression strength. It is machinable in the annealed condition, and, like other air hardening tool steels, exhibits minimal distortion in heat treat. 1.2379 steel is available in de-carb free rounds, flats, and squares, as well as ground flat stock and drill rod. What 1.2379 steel used?Typical applications for 1.2379 steel are blanking, forming, and trim dies, gages, slitting cutters, wear parts, lamination dies, thread rolling dies, drawing dies, rotary cutting dies, knurls, bending dies, gages, shear blades, burnishing tools, rolls, machine parts, master parts, injection screw and tip components, seaming rolls, extrusion dies, tire shredders, scrap choppers, Stamping dies, Forming Dies, Punches, Forming Rolls, Knives, slitters, shear blades, Tools, Scrap choppers, Tyre shredders, etc. 1.2379 Steel Chemical Composition Standard:EN ISO 4957: 2000 Tool steels 1.2379 Steel Grade All Grades Comparison:ASTM;Material No.;DIN;END2;1.2379;X155CrVMo12-1;X160CrMoV121 1.2379 Steel Chemical Composition(%)CSiMnPSCrMoV1.40-1.600.10-0.600.10-0.600.030 max0.030 max11.0-13.00.70-1.200.50-1.10 1.2379 Steel Elements Analysis:Carbon-CCarbon is inseparable from steel and is therefore usually not defined as alloying constituent. Carbon is the most important element for the majority of steels and has the strongest influence on their properties. Vanadium-VVanadium refines the primary grain and thus the as cast structure. It is a strong carbide forming element, thus causing an increase in wear resistance, edge holding properly and high-temperature strength. It is therefore a preferred alloying constituent in high-speed steels, hot work tool steels and high-temperature steels.  Chromium-CrChromium makes steel oil and air hardenable. By lowering the critical cooling rate necessary for the formation of martensite, it increases hardenability and thus improves heat treating properties while at the same time it reduces impact strength. Chromium is a strong carbide former.  Manganese-MnManganese has a deoxidizing effect. It combines with sulphur to form manganese sulphides and hus lowers the untavourable effect of iron sulphides. This is of particular importance for free- cuting steels because itreduces the risk of red shortness. Molybdenum-MoMolybdenum is mostly added together with other alloying elements. By reducing the critical cooling rate, it improves hardenability Mn reduces to a large extent temper brittleness, e.g. in CrNi and Mn steels, and promotes fine-grain formation. Nickel-NiIn constructional steels, Ni causes an increase of impact strength, even at subzero temperatures is therefore added to case-hardening steels, heat treatable steels and steels intended for low temperature service to increase theirtoughness properties All transformation points (A1-A4) are lowered by nickel. Aluminum-AlAluminum is the strongest and most common used deoxidizing and dentriding agent. It has therefor a favorable effect on the intensivity to ageing and it promotes a fine grain formation, when added in small amounts. Copper-CuCopper is only added to a few steel grades, because it builds up below the oxide layer and produces high surface sensitivity in hot forming operations due to penetration into the grain boundary.  Silicon – SiSilicon has a deoxidizing effect. It promotes graphite precipitation and narrows subtantially the gamma-range. It increases strength and wear resistance (heat treatable Si-Mn steels). Silicon causes a considerable increase of the elastic limit and is therefore most suitable as alloying constituent in spring steels. Owing to its ability to improve substantially the resistance to scaling, Si is added to heat resisting steels. Its contents are, however, limited, as it impairs the hot and cold forming properties. Sulphur – SAmong all trace elements, sulphur produces the most serious segregations. Iron sulphide leads to red shortness because the low melting sulphide eutectics surround the grains like a net, resulting in a low coherence of the latter and in breaking up of grain boundaries during hot forming. This phenomenon is intensified by the effect of oxygen. How 1.2379 steel produce?Electric Arc Furnace (EAF) Melting: This process is also known as primary melting. It is based on the melting of metal chips which are obtained from milling processes and suppliers. Basically, EAF melting uses leftovers of different metal processing methods. Electric arc furnace melting is widely used because the production costs are low. Still some extra treatment may be needed to achieve the highest possible quality and properties. An example of this is annealing to prevent cracking.Electroslag Refining (ESR): Electroslag refining is also known as electroslag remelting. Throughout the process, the metal is melted progressively. The resulting ingots have good surface quality without notable imperfections. 

DIN 1.2379 Cold Work Tool Steel Application Analysis What is too steel?Tool steel is a type of carbon alloy steel that is well-matched for tool manufacturing, such as hand tools or machine dies. Its hardness, resistance to abrasion and ability to retain shape at increased temperatures are the key properties of this material. Tool steel is typically used in a heat treated condition which provides increased hardness.Types of Tool Steel. The different tool steel grades include:Water HardeningAir HardeningCold Work tool steelHot work tool steelOil HardeningShock resisting types What is cold work tool steel?The cold-work tool steels include the O series (oil-hardening), the A series (air-hardening), and the D series (high carbon-chromium). These are steels used to cut or form materials that are at low temperatures. This group possesses high hardenability and wear resistance, and average toughness and heat softening resistance. They are used in production of larger parts or parts that require minimal distortion during hardening. The use of oil quenching and air-hardening helps reduce distortion, avoiding the higher stresses caused by the quicker water quenching. More alloying elements are used in these steels, as compared to the water-hardening class. These alloys increase the steels' hardenability, and thus require a less severe quenching process and as a result are less likely to crack. They have high surface hardness and are often used to make knife blades. The machinability of the oil hardening grades is high but for the high carbon-chromium types is low. What is 1.2379 steel?1.2379 steel is a high carbon – high chromium air hardening cold work tool steel, heat treatable to 60-62 HRC. 1.2379 offers excellent wear and abrasion resistance, due to large volumes of carbides in the micro-structure. 1.2379 steel is widely used in long production cold work applications requiring very high wear resistance and high compression strength. It is machinable in the annealed condition, and, like other air hardening tool steels, exhibits minimal distortion in heat treat. 1.2379 steel is available in de-carb free rounds, flats, and squares, as well as ground flat stock and drill rod. What 1.2379 steel used?Typical applications for 1.2379 steel are blanking, forming, and trim dies, gages, slitting cutters, wear parts, lamination dies, thread rolling dies, drawing dies, rotary cutting dies, knurls, bending dies, gages, shear blades, burnishing tools, rolls, machine parts, master parts, injection screw and tip components, seaming rolls, extrusion dies, tire shredders, scrap choppers, Stamping dies, Forming Dies, Punches, Forming Rolls, Knives, slitters, shear blades, Tools, Scrap choppers, Tyre shredders, etc.  Why choose 1.2379 ?D2 steel will retain its hardness up to a temperature of 425 °C (797 °F). The chromium-rich alloy carbides in the D2 steel create excellent resistance to wear from sliding contact with other metal or abrasive materials. This steel has a high wear resistance and creates a tough knife that holds an edge. The essence of 1.2379 steel is high-carbon high-chromium cold-working die steel. The advantage of high-carbon steel is that it can easily reach high hardness after heat treatment and has good wear resistance. The disadvantage is that it is easy to form carbide aggregation. It is resulting in extremely high local hardness.  1.2379 steel applicationsA popular grade for toolmakers,this tool steel is used in a wide variety of tool making applications.Typical applications include punching and blanking dies for stainless steel sheet,brass,copper,zinc and hard abrasive materials generally.Other application suitable for this tool steel include deep drawing dies,cupping dies,forming dies,sheet metal forming rolls,shear blades for strip and sheet including flying shears,circular cutters for cold rolled strip,trimmer dies,thread rolling dies,cold extrusion dies,broaches,plug gauges,ring gauges,master hobs for cold hobbing plastic moulds, cut moulds for plastics,special taps, straybolt taps,brick and tile mould liners. The field of application is in drawing and bending tools, plastic molds in the processing of abrasive polymers, machine knives, cold shear knives, cold extrusion tools, thread rolling dies, thread rolling rolls, thermoforming tools, cutting and punching tools and milling cutters. As a high-performance cutting steel, it can also be use in high-performance cutting tools such as dies and punches 1.2379 steel characterhigh-alloy steel for through-hardening with moderate machinability; extremely wear resistant and low warpage, good dimensional stability, toughness and through hardenabilityCool work tool steelCool Work oil steelHigh wear resistanceGood hardenability with hardness obtained at 58-62 HRC and being hardened by NITRIDING resulting in hard surfaceUsed to cast coining molds, forming molds, paper cutting knives, rolling millsChrome-molybdenum-vanadium steel with big hardenability for hardening in oil and in air, especially high resistance to the wear (higher than by 1.2080), good cutting power, very good firmness in the pressure, lower toughness (but higher than by 1.2080). This steel shows good dimensional stability at the heat treatment, suitable for hardening to the secondary hardness (the possibility of nitriding). Further the steel is very difficult to sharpen, it works at the heat with difficulties and has a rather difficult workability in the annealed state. 1.2379 Steel SuitabilityTools for cold cutting, i.e. all kinds of tools with the long durability for cutting on presses and punching of materials of smaller thicknesses and materials of high hardness (especially difficult-shape tools for cutting, e.g. transformer metal sheets and metal sheets from stainless steels), knives for plate shears for the sheet and strip steel up to thickness of 10 mm of sheared material, knives for wire cutting etc. Tools for mechanical working such as e.g. smaller girders and tools for drawing, all kinds of tools for transformation and punching of materials. Further the steel is suitable for simple and symmetric tools for pressing and pushing, tools for thread rolling, plain and profile rolls, swages and also for cold work. Cutting tools such as broaching thorns, profile knives and difficult-shape milling machines for lower cutting speeds and for treatment of nonmetallic abrasive materials. Further the steel is applied in the production of highly stressed molds and their components for working of plastic and powder substances, glass, porcelain and ceramic materials. By tools for crushing and grinding it is used for hammers of crushers and jaws for mild grinding and crushing.

AISI D2 Cold Work Tool Steel Application Analysis What is too steel?Tool steel is a type of carbon alloy steel that is well-matched for tool manufacturing, such as hand tools or machine dies. Its hardness, resistance to abrasion and ability to retain shape at increased temperatures are the key properties of this material. Tool steel is typically used in a heat treated condition which provides increased hardness.Types of Tool Steel. The different tool steel grades include:Water HardeningAir HardeningCold Work tool steelHot work tool steelOil HardeningShock resisting types What is cold work tool steel?The cold-work tool steels include the O series (oil-hardening), the A series (air-hardening), and the D series (high carbon-chromium). These are steels used to cut or form materials that are at low temperatures. This group possesses high hardenability and wear resistance, and average toughness and heat softening resistance. They are used in production of larger parts or parts that require minimal distortion during hardening. The use of oil quenching and air-hardening helps reduce distortion, avoiding the higher stresses caused by the quicker water quenching. More alloying elements are used in these steels, as compared to the water-hardening class. These alloys increase the steels' hardenability, and thus require a less severe quenching process and as a result are less likely to crack. They have high surface hardness and are often used to make knife blades. The machinability of the oil hardening grades is high but for the high carbon-chromium types is low. What is D2 steel?D2 steel is a high carbon – high chromium air hardening cold work tool steel, heat treatable to 60-62 HRC. D2 offers excellent wear and abrasion resistance, due to large volumes of carbides in the micro-structure. D2 steel is widely used in long production cold work applications requiring very high wear resistance and high compression strength. It is machinable in the annealed condition, and, like other air hardening tool steels, exhibits minimal distortion in heat treat. D2 steel is available in de-carb free rounds, flats, and squares, as well as ground flat stock and drill rod. What D2 steel used?Typical applications for D2 steel are blanking, forming, and trim dies, gages, slitting cutters, wear parts, lamination dies, thread rolling dies, drawing dies, rotary cutting dies, knurls, bending dies, gages, shear blades, burnishing tools, rolls, machine parts, master parts, injection screw and tip components, seaming rolls, extrusion dies, tire shredders, scrap choppers, Stamping dies, Forming Dies, Punches, Forming Rolls, Knives, slitters, shear blades, Tools, Scrap choppers, Tyre shredders, etc.  Why choose D2?D2 steel will retain its hardness up to a temperature of 425 °C (797 °F). The chromium-rich alloy carbides in the D2 steel create excellent resistance to wear from sliding contact with other metal or abrasive materials. This steel has a high wear resistance and creates a tough knife that holds an edge. The essence of D2 steel is high-carbon high-chromium cold-working die steel. The advantage of high-carbon steel is that it can easily reach high hardness after heat treatment and has good wear resistance. The disadvantage is that it is easy to form carbide aggregation. It is resulting in extremely high local hardness.  D2 steel applicationsA popular grade for toolmakers,this tool steel is used in a wide variety of tool making applications.Typical applications include punching and blanking dies for stainless steel sheet,brass,copper,zinc and hard abrasive materials generally.Other application suitable for this tool steel include deep drawing dies,cupping dies,forming dies,sheet metal forming rolls,shear blades for strip and sheet including flying shears,circular cutters for cold rolled strip,trimmer dies,thread rolling dies,cold extrusion dies,broaches,plug gauges,ring gauges,master hobs for cold hobbing plastic moulds, cut moulds for plastics,special taps, straybolt taps,brick and tile mould liners. The field of application is in drawing and bending tools, plastic molds in the processing of abrasive polymers, machine knives, cold shear knives, cold extrusion tools, thread rolling dies, thread rolling rolls, thermoforming tools, cutting and punching tools and milling cutters. As a high-performance cutting steel, it can also be use in high-performance cutting tools such as dies and punches D2 steel characterhigh-alloy steel for through-hardening with moderate machinability; extremely wear resistant and low warpage, good dimensional stability, toughness and through hardenabilityCool work tool steelCool Work oil steelHigh wear resistanceGood hardenability with hardness obtained at 58-62 HRC and being hardened by NITRIDING resulting in hard surfaceUsed to cast coining molds, forming molds, paper cutting knives, rolling millsChrome-molybdenum-vanadium steel with big hardenability for hardening in oil and in air, especially high resistance to the wear (higher than by 1.2080), good cutting power, very good firmness in the pressure, lower toughness (but higher than by 1.2080). This steel shows good dimensional stability at the heat treatment, suitable for hardening to the secondary hardness (the possibility of nitriding). Further the steel is very difficult to sharpen, it works at the heat with difficulties and has a rather difficult workability in the annealed state. D2 Steel SuitabilityTools for cold cutting, i.e. all kinds of tools with the long durability for cutting on presses and punching of materials of smaller thicknesses and materials of high hardness (especially difficult-shape tools for cutting, e.g. transformer metal sheets and metal sheets from stainless steels), knives for plate shears for the sheet and strip steel up to thickness of 10 mm of sheared material, knives for wire cutting etc. Tools for mechanical working such as e.g. smaller girders and tools for drawing, all kinds of tools for transformation and punching of materials. Further the steel is suitable for simple and symmetric tools for pressing and pushing, tools for thread rolling, plain and profile rolls, swages and also for cold work. Cutting tools such as broaching thorns, profile knives and difficult-shape milling machines for lower cutting speeds and for treatment of nonmetallic abrasive materials. Further the steel is applied in the production of highly stressed molds and their components for working of plastic and powder substances, glass, porcelain and ceramic materials. By tools for crushing and grinding it is used for hammers of crushers and jaws for mild grinding and crushing.

JIS SKD11 Cold Work Tool Steel Application Analysis What is too steel?Tool steel is a type of carbon alloy steel that is well-matched for tool manufacturing, such as hand tools or machine dies. Its hardness, resistance to abrasion and ability to retain shape at increased temperatures are the key properties of this material. Tool steel is typically used in a heat treated condition which provides increased hardness.Types of Tool Steel. The different tool steel grades include:Water HardeningAir HardeningCold Work tool steelHot work tool steelOil HardeningShock resisting types What is cold work tool steel?The cold-work tool steels include the O series (oil-hardening), the A series (air-hardening), and the D series (high carbon-chromium). These are steels used to cut or form materials that are at low temperatures. This group possesses high hardenability and wear resistance, and average toughness and heat softening resistance. They are used in production of larger parts or parts that require minimal distortion during hardening. The use of oil quenching and air-hardening helps reduce distortion, avoiding the higher stresses caused by the quicker water quenching. More alloying elements are used in these steels, as compared to the water-hardening class. These alloys increase the steels' hardenability, and thus require a less severe quenching process and as a result are less likely to crack. They have high surface hardness and are often used to make knife blades. The machinability of the oil hardening grades is high but for the high carbon-chromium types is low. What is SKD11 steel?SKD11 steel is a high carbon – high chromium air hardening cold work tool steel, heat treatable to 60-62 HRC. SKD11 offers excellent wear and abrasion resistance, due to large volumes of carbides in the micro-structure. SKD11 steel is widely used in long production cold work applications requiring very high wear resistance and high compression strength. It is machinable in the annealed condition, and, like other air hardening tool steels, exhibits minimal distortion in heat treat. SKD11 steel is available in de-carb free rounds, flats, and squares, as well as ground flat stock and drill rod. What SKD11 steel used?Typical applications for SKD11 steel are blanking, forming, and trim dies, gages, slitting cutters, wear parts, lamination dies, thread rolling dies, drawing dies, rotary cutting dies, knurls, bending dies, gages, shear blades, burnishing tools, rolls, machine parts, master parts, injection screw and tip components, seaming rolls, extrusion dies, tire shredders, scrap choppers, Stamping dies, Forming Dies, Punches, Forming Rolls, Knives, slitters, shear blades, Tools, Scrap choppers, Tyre shredders, etc.  Why choose SKD11 ?D2 steel will retain its hardness up to a temperature of 425 °C (797 °F). The chromium-rich alloy carbides in the D2 steel create excellent resistance to wear from sliding contact with other metal or abrasive materials. This steel has a high wear resistance and creates a tough knife that holds an edge. The essence of SKD11 steel is high-carbon high-chromium cold-working die steel. The advantage of high-carbon steel is that it can easily reach high hardness after heat treatment and has good wear resistance. The disadvantage is that it is easy to form carbide aggregation. It is resulting in extremely high local hardness.  SKD11 steel applicationsA popular grade for toolmakers,this tool steel is used in a wide variety of tool making applications.Typical applications include punching and blanking dies for stainless steel sheet,brass,copper,zinc and hard abrasive materials generally.Other application suitable for this tool steel include deep drawing dies,cupping dies,forming dies,sheet metal forming rolls,shear blades for strip and sheet including flying shears,circular cutters for cold rolled strip,trimmer dies,thread rolling dies,cold extrusion dies,broaches,plug gauges,ring gauges,master hobs for cold hobbing plastic moulds, cut moulds for plastics,special taps, straybolt taps,brick and tile mould liners. The field of application is in drawing and bending tools, plastic molds in the processing of abrasive polymers, machine knives, cold shear knives, cold extrusion tools, thread rolling dies, thread rolling rolls, thermoforming tools, cutting and punching tools and milling cutters. As a high-performance cutting steel, it can also be use in high-performance cutting tools such as dies and punches SKD11 steel characterhigh-alloy steel for through-hardening with moderate machinability; extremely wear resistant and low warpage, good dimensional stability, toughness and through hardenabilityCool work tool steelCool Work oil steelHigh wear resistanceGood hardenability with hardness obtained at 58-62 HRC and being hardened by NITRIDING resulting in hard surfaceUsed to cast coining molds, forming molds, paper cutting knives, rolling millsChrome-molybdenum-vanadium steel with big hardenability for hardening in oil and in air, especially high resistance to the wear (higher than by 1.2080), good cutting power, very good firmness in the pressure, lower toughness (but higher than by 1.2080). This steel shows good dimensional stability at the heat treatment, suitable for hardening to the secondary hardness (the possibility of nitriding). Further the steel is very difficult to sharpen, it works at the heat with difficulties and has a rather difficult workability in the annealed state. SKD11 Steel SuitabilityTools for cold cutting, i.e. all kinds of tools with the long durability for cutting on presses and punching of materials of smaller thicknesses and materials of high hardness (especially difficult-shape tools for cutting, e.g. transformer metal sheets and metal sheets from stainless steels), knives for plate shears for the sheet and strip steel up to thickness of 10 mm of sheared material, knives for wire cutting etc. Tools for mechanical working such as e.g. smaller girders and tools for drawing, all kinds of tools for transformation and punching of materials. Further the steel is suitable for simple and symmetric tools for pressing and pushing, tools for thread rolling, plain and profile rolls, swages and also for cold work. Cutting tools such as broaching thorns, profile knives and difficult-shape milling machines for lower cutting speeds and for treatment of nonmetallic abrasive materials. Further the steel is applied in the production of highly stressed molds and their components for working of plastic and powder substances, glass, porcelain and ceramic materials. By tools for crushing and grinding it is used for hammers of crushers and jaws for mild grinding and crushing.

Possible causes of insufficient or uneven hardness:1) The mold has a large cross section, and the hardenability of the steel is poor. For example, a large mold has a steel with low hardenability.2) Carbide segregation or coarse structure in the original microstructure of the die steel, segregation and aggregation of graphite carbon and carbide in the steel.3) The mold forging process is not correct, and the spheroidizing annealing is not performed well after forging, so that the spheroidized structure of the mold steel is poor.4) The decarburized layer produced on the surface of the mold without de-annealing or quenching heating.5) The quenching temperature of the mold is too high, and the amount of retained austenite is excessive after quenching; or the quenching temperature is too low, and the heating and holding time is insufficient, so that the phase transformation of the mold steel is incomplete.6) After the quenching of the mold, the cooling rate is too slow, the grading and isothermal temperature are too high or the time is too long, and the quenching cooling medium is improperly selected.7) The alkali bath has too little moisture, or the quenching cooling medium contains too much impurities, or the quenching cooling medium is aged.8) When the mold is quenched and cooled, the temperature of the quenching cooling medium is too high and the cooling is insufficient.9) Insufficient tempering and excessive tempering temperature.For the above 9 points analysis reasons, we find the corresponding solution.1) Proper selection of mold steel grades, large molds should use high alloy mold steel with high hardenability.2) Strengthen raw material inspection to ensure that raw materials meet standards. Reasonable forging of the raw material steel and spheroidizing annealing to ensure good organization. Carbon tool steels are not easily annealed multiple times to prevent graphitization.3) Strictly perform the forging process and the spheroidizing annealing process to ensure a good preliminary heat treatment structure.4) Before heat treatment, thoroughly remove the rust and scale on the surface of the mold, and pay attention to the protection during heating. Try to use vacuum heating or quenching or protective atmosphere to heat and quench. When the salt bath is heated, it should be deoxidized.5) Properly formulate the mold quenching heating process parameters to ensure sufficient phase change, and rapidly cool at a cooling rate greater than the critical cooling rate to obtain a qualified metallographic structure.6) Correctly select the quenching cooling medium and cooling method, and strictly control the classification and isothermal temperature and time.7) To strictly control the moisture content of the alkali bath, the quenching and cooling medium used for a long time should be regularly filtered and periodically replaced, and kept clean, and the quenching cooling characteristic curve is periodically checked.8) For large-size molds, properly extend the time of immersion in the quenching cooling medium to prevent the temperature of the quenching cooling medium from being too high.9) After the mold is quenched, it should be tempered in time and fully, and the tempering temperature should be prevented from being too high.10) For molds with high hardness requirements, cryogenic treatment (eg -110~-196°C) can be used.11) Perform surface strengthening treatment.

D2 steel has high wear-resistant, micro-deformation cold work tool steel, wind hard tool steel, carbon content up to 1.5%, chromium content up to 11.5%, after heat treatment hardness up to 60HRC. D2 steel, such as silicon steel die, cold cutting scissors, trimming die and so on.chemical compositionCarbon C: 1.40 to 1.6Silicon Si: ≤ 0.60Manganese Mn: ≤ 0.60Sulfur S: ≤0.030Phosphorus P: ≤ 0.030Chrome Cr: 11.50 to 13.00Nickel Ni:  ≤ 0.25Copper Cu:  ≤ 0.30Vanadium V: ≤1.00Mo Mo: 0.70 to 1.20characteristicHigh wear resistance, vacuum heat treatable to HRC60°-62°, excellent processabilityApplication:Applicable to complex and possible deformation of tool steel, high wear resistance and long life of various types of cold stamping die and cold cutting edge, reeling plate; cold extrusion forming, stretch film, beer stainless steel sheet and high hardness material ModAnnealing to HB255Thickness: 2.5mm-12mm-14mm-16mmComparative analysisThe domestically produced Cr12Mo1V1 steel, the United States D2 steel, and the Japanese SKD11 steel, although the chemical composition of the three are the same, the performance varies greatly. After heat treatment, the color of homemade steel is slightly orange red, deformation is generally very large, and it is easy to accidentally cause fatigue fracture in actual use; D2 steel is cold and white in color, hardness is lower than that of SKD11 steel, toughness is not as good as SKD11 steel, and small gaps are likely to occur at high stress; SKD11 steel is light and smooth, with the best overall performance.Reference counterpartChina GB Standard Grade Cr12Mo1v1, US ASTM/UNS Standard Grade D2/T30402, International Standardization Organization (ISO) Standard Grade 160CrMoV12, German DIN Standard Material No. 1.2379, German DIN Standard Grade X155CrMoV12-1, French NF Standard Grade X160CrMoV12, British BS Standard Brand BD2, Japanese JIS Standard Brand No. SKD11, Japan Hitachi Standard Brand No. SLD, Japan DAIDO Standard Brand No. DC11, Japan No. 2 Plus (NACHl) Standard Brand No. CDS11, Austria B&R (BOHLER) Standard Brand No. K110, Sweden No. 1 (ASSAB) Standard Grade XW41Typical application example1) For refrigerator compressor back cover drawing die, quenching hardness 56~58HRC.2) In order to improve the service life of the flat rolled D2 cold working die steel, the method of adding rare earth will greatly improve the wear resistance and impact toughness of the steel, so as to achieve the purpose of improving the service life of the round die flat rolled steel. .3) Since the content of V and Mo in D2 steel is higher than that of Cr12MoV steel, it has better overall performance, and the traditional Cr12MoV steel will gradually be replaced.4) The rolling die made of D2 steel and the cold die from the adjusting plate at the off-set stage can increase the service life by 5 to 6 times compared with Cr12MoV steel. Application

Hot-deformed die steels, which are subjected to high impact forces during work, and still maintain high mechanical properties when in contact with high temperatures, require high strength, toughness, and high wear resistance. High tempering stability and thermal fatigue. To use the alloy die steel to meet the requirements. Commonly used grades are: 5CrNiMo, 5CrMnMo, 3Cr2W8V, 4W2CrSiV. It can manufacture hot forging die, flash die, hot shear, and other thermal deformation die.

It is the Russia standard steel according to GOST 5950-2000.One of the shock resisting tool steel types with very good thoughness in combination with high hardenability, Impact- resistant, tungsten-alloyed cold-work tool.Its composition and performance are similar with 6CrW2Si and 1.2550.