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What Is Basic Oxygen Steelmaking?Steel is one of the world’s most important materials. Consisting of iron and carbon, it’s an alloy that’s used to make everything from screws and bolts to bridges, buildings, vehicles, engines and more. While there are different techniques used to produce steel, the most common is known as basic oxygen. Basic oxygen steelmaking accounts for over half of the world’s steel. What is basic oxygen steelmaking oxygen?Overview of Basic Oxygen SteelmakingBasic oxygen steelmaking is a multistep process that involves the use of pure oxygen to produce steel from molten iron. Also known as oxygen conversion steelmaking, it leverages oxygen to change the carbon ratio of steel. Basic oxygen steelmaking involves blowing pure oxygen into molten pig iron. With a higher oxygen content, the ratio of carbon to other elements — including iron — drops.Steps to Performing Basic Oxygen SteelmakingHow is basic oxygen steelmaking performed? This common steelmaking process begins with pig iron. The pig iron is smelted in a blast furnace, after which it’s poured into a ladle. From there, it’s blasted with oxygen as a form of pretreatment. The next step of basic oxygen steelmaking involves charging.Charging involves filling the furnace with ingredients. As you may know, steel contains more than just iron; it contains carbon, and in some cases, other elements. These ingredients are added to the furnace during basic oxygen steelmaking.Now it’s time for the pure oxygen. The molten steel-filled vessel is raised and exposed to a lance that contains about a half-dozen nozzles, after which it’s injected with pure oxygen. The multi-nozzle lance essentially blows pure oxygen over the molten steel, thus allowing the carbon to dissolve while simultaneously creating excessively high temperatures. This step, in fact, can produce temperatures of over 3,000 degrees Fahrenheit.Fluxes are then added to the steel-filled vessel, which are responsible for the slag. The slag essentially absorbs impurities from the steel. The slag is then separated from the steel. Lastly, the steel is allowed to cool. There are different types of basic oxygen steelmaking, but most of them involve these steps.In ConclusionBasic oxygen steelmaking is a process for producing steel. It uses pig iron, carbon and pure oxygen. With these three elements, steel is produced in a vessel. It’s called “basic oxygen steelmaking” because it uses “bases.” The bases are slag, which as previously mentioned, help to absorb and remove impurities from the steel. 

WHAT IS INCONEL? Inconel is a great example of a high-performance metal specifically formulated for some of the most rigorous applications. Since it is often more expensive and less widely used, Inconel is generally less familiar than steel or aluminum. This article will provide some basics about Inconel and provide answers to some common questions about this unique metal. What is Inconel?Inconel is the name for a group of nickel-based superalloys. The name Inconel is a registered trademark of Special Metals Corporation out of New Hartford, New York. The company acquired the name through acquisitions of previous companies that originally developed the various Inconel alloys. The first Inconel alloys were originally formulated for demanding, high-temperature environments in the middle of the 20th century. Chemical Composition of InconelSince Inconel is a group of superalloys and not just one type of superalloy, its chemical composition varies across the different alloy types. However, all alloys in the Inconel family are nickel-based. Additionally, chromium is typically the second most abundant element in the chemical makeup of Inconel. Virtually every Inconel has some amount of iron in its composition, almost always greater than 1%. Other elements that are found in some Inconel alloys include:CobaltMolybdenumNiobiumTitanium What are the properties of Inconel?The combination of physical and chemical properties that Inconel possesses are what make it so special. Inconel is known for its ability to withstand incredibly high temperatures. While materials like steel have a higher melting temperature than nickel, their performance in terms of strength and corrosion resistance begins to deteriorate at elevated temperatures. Inconel, on the other hand, maintains excellent strength properties at high temperatures and forms a protective oxide layer that resists corrosion at high temperatures. In addition to high temperature performance, Inconel has excellent strength properties at room temperature. The high amounts of chromium also give it superb corrosion resistance at room temperatures as well. The other alloys mentioned above in the composition section provide additional properties such as toughness and hardness. Several Inconel alloys, such as Inconel 718, are precipitation hardened to increase strength even further. What is Inconel used for?Inconel is used in many different industries. One of the most common applications for Inconel is in the aerospace industry, namely in the high-temperature environment found within the jet engine. Fuel nozzles, afterburner rings, and other engine components are commonly made out of Inconel. This is because they perform well in the elevated temperature found during operation. They also resist the risk of corrosion presented by jet fuel and other liquids. Inconel is also often used in rockets and space exploration vessels. Common alloys in the aerospace industry include Inconel 625 and Inconel 718. Another common use of Inconel superalloys is in the nuclear industry. Nuclear reactors require high strength, high corrosion resistance, and excellent elevated temperature performance, which is why Inconel is frequently used. Common alloys in the nuclear industry include Inconel 600 and Inconel 690. Other industries that use Inconel less frequently include automotive, manufacturing equipment/tools, oil & gas, firearms, and several others. Any application that requires high strength and high corrosion resistance in an elevated temperature environment is typically a good candidate for Inconel use.  

Common Nickel Alloy Types and Trade NamesNameAlloy typeAlternative trade namesNickel 20099% + pure NickelNickel 99.2Nickel 20199% + pure NickelNickel 201, LC Nickel 99.2Monel 400®Nickel-CopperNickelvac® 400, Nicorros® 400Monel R405®Nickel-Copper Monel K500®Nickel-Copper Inconel 600®Nickel-Chromium-IronNickelvac® 600, Ferrochronin® 600Inconel 601®Nickel-Chromium-IronPyromet® 601, Nicrofer® 601Inconel 617®Nickel-Chromium-CobaltNicrofer® 617Inconel 625®Nickel-Chromium-IronChornin® 625, Altemp® 625, Nickelvac® 625, Haynes® 625 Nicrofer® 6020Inconel 718®Nickel-Chromium-IronNicrofer® 5219, Alvac® 718, Haynes® 718, Altemp® 718Inconel X750®Nickel-Chromium-IronHaynes X750®, Pyromet® X750, Nickelvac®X750, Nicorros® 7016Incoloy 800®Nickel-Chromium-IronFerrochronin® 800, Nickelvac® 800, Nicrofer® 3220Incoloy 825®Nickel-Chromium-IronNickelvac® 825, Nicrofer 4241®Hastelloy C22®Chromium-Molybdenum-TungstenInconel® 22, Nicrofer® 5621Hastelloy C276®Nickel-Chromium-MolybdenumNickelvac® HC-276, Inconel® 276, Nicrofer® 5716Hastelloy B2®Nickel-Chromium-MolybdenumNimofer® 6928Hastelloy X®Nickel-Chromium-Iron-MolybdenumNickelvac® HX, Nicrofer® 4722, Altemp® HX, Inconel® HXVascomax® C250Nickel-Cobalt-MolybdenumMaraging C250™, Maraging 250™Vascomax® 300Nickel-Cobalt-MolybdenumMaraging 300, Maraging C300®, and Vascomax® C300Vascomax® C350Nickel-Cobalt-SteelMaraging C350™Rene® 41Nickel-Chromium Multimet® N155Nickel-Chromium-Cobalt Waspaloy 25™Nickel-Cobalt Invar 36®Nickel-IronNilo 6®, Pernifer 6®Invar 42®Nickel-IronNilo 42® 

how about 440c steel vs d2 steel What is 440c Steel?Especially 440c stainless steel is a high carbon martensitic stainless steel. That comes with high strength, moderate corrosion resistance, and perfect hardness and wear resistance. On the other hand, it is capable of attaining, after heat treatment, the highest strength, hardness and wear resistance of all the stainless alloys. What is D2 steel?D2 steel is a ordinary tool steel and knife steel. That is professionaly popular such as the Japanese designation SKD11, Uddeholm Sverker 21, German designation 1.2379,  Hitachi SLD and others. Which knife for best? How long sharpen? Where did it come from? How do its properties compare to other steels? Find your right answers here! Is 440c steel good for knife?If you looking for stainless steel, then you can use these 440c because it is mid-range stainless steel that provides perfect corrosion resistance and perfect water resistance and will take a wonderful mirror polish. That’s why this is good for knives and provides long-lasting using performance. Is D2 steel good for knife?As from features, for presenting d2 continue to grow in the knife industry, generally because of their working performance and reasonable price, a lot of superior low budget knives are building their reputation. On the other hand, these types of steel provide high wear resistance and toughness. If you want for best steel 14c28n and others steel then you can ready 14c28n vs 420hc review. Is 440c steel easy to sharpen?440c get most popularity for its blocky carbide structure and large grain. The steel can certainly take a sharp edge but will never be like razor blade steel. There is one the best advance it will cut through the carbides. Get for best result keep your synthetic stone clean and I’m pretty sure any of them can do that. Is D2 steel easy to sharpen?The steel is an air-hardness tool steel that is considered semi-stainless because of its high chromium content. That’s why it easy to work and looks nice. On the other hand, in d2 air-hardness steel, you can’t differentially temper the blade-like other high carbon steel because the steel can also be challenging to sharpen. 440c steel hardness440c is a martensitic 400 series stainless steel, and it the high-quality content from 400 stainless steel series. That is usually heat treated to reach hardness of 58-60 HRC. Use can use for this bearing steel, and use in rolling contact stainless  bearing, e.g. ball bearings and roller bearings. D2 steel hardnessThe steel is susceptible to overheating during hardening – do not overheat. That is an air-hardening- high carbon, high chromium tool steel. The steel comes with increased wear and abrasion resistance properties. Get for a complete guide about other steel;  

What Is A2 Steel?The A2 steel is one such steel, and it’s a popular option for fixed blade knives. With this review, we will find out exactly what the A2 steel has to offer for all these factors. We will delve deep into its chemical makeup, and compare it directly to other similar steels. We will find out whether its features, advantages, and drawbacks match up with your own requirements.A2 steel is a type of tool steel that also contains high carbon levels, along with significant levels of vanadium. It’s very versatile, chiefly noted for its excellent toughness and its dimensional stability after hardening and tempering.Brands that work with A2 steel find it easy to work with, and consumers appreciate its affordable price and its good overall performance. It’s used in many types of cutting tools, along with other industrial components such as dies.Common Uses of A2 steelThis can be a long list, as A2 steel is used for a wide range of different products. You can find A2 steel used for:· Knives· Shear blades· Cutting tools for woodworking· Hammers· Precision tools· Many different types of dies (large blanking dies, extrusion dies, forming dies, trimming dies, coining dies, stamping dies, and thread roller dies)· Slitters· Mandrels· Gauges· Plastic injection tooling· Master hubs· Rolls· Long punches· Dowel pins· Chuck jawsA2 steel Chemical CompositionLet’s check out the elements in the A2 steel alloy makeup.· Carbon, 0.9% to 1.05%· Chromium, 4.9% to 5.3%· Molybdenum, 0.9% to 1.1%· Manganese, 0.4% to 0.6%· Vanadium, 0.15% to 0.2%· Silicon, 0.2% to 0.35%· Phosphorus, 0.025% at the most· Sulfur, 0.005% at the mostCarbon, 0.9% to 1.05%: This makes the A2 a type of carbon steel, with significant amounts of carbon to boost its edge retention and wear resistance. The carbon also improves the hardenability of the A2 steel. The amount of carbon is just right, so that the steel remains tolerably ductile and easy to machine.Chromium, 4.9% to 5.3%: This is not enough to make the A2 part of the stainless-steel category. But it still helps with corrosion resistance, and it also improves the hardenability of the steel.Molybdenum, 0.9% to 1.1%: This is a carbide former that boosts the steel’s strength in high temperatures, its creep strength, and its hardenability. It generally works combined with the manganese and vanadium.Manganese, 0.4% to 0.6%: This has effects similar to carbon, and it’s often considered the most important element next to carbon itself. It improves tensile strength and hardenability, and also helps in taking out the sulfur and the oxygens from the molten steel. But the amount is limited, since too much manganese can lead to lower ductility.Vanadium, 0.15% to 0.2%: The vanadium improves its resistance to fatigue stress and wear. It also boosts the hardenability, shock loading resistance, and toughness against fractures.Silicon, 0.2% to 0.35%: This also acts as a deoxidizer, meaning that it helps take out oxygen bubbles from the molten steel. It strengthens the iron and makes the steel harder, though it reduces the ductility which is why not much of it is used.Phosphorus, 0.025% at the most: This is usually regarded as an impurity, hence the tiny amount allowed in the alloy. At this level though, the phosphorus does boost the hardness and strength of the steel. You just don’t want too much of it, because that can lead to brittleness.Sulfur, 0.005% at the mos:. This is another “impurity” that can help at extremely tiny amounts. It boosts the machinability of the steel.A2 steel hardnessThe specific hardness of the A2 steel will depend on the heat treatment used. In most cases, the HRC rating will range within 57 to 62 HRC. Its hardness is mostly because of the relatively high carbon content, though the comparatively lower chromium content (compared to the chromium content in D2 and D3 steels) means that it’s not quite as resistant to abrasion and wear.But it’s relatively easy to machine, and its hardness ensures a good edge for a good while.Properties of A2 steelCheck out what features you can expect from A2 steel.Easy to Work WithThis is one of the main reasons why it’s still used by lots of brands for knives after 60 years. It’s relatively easy to machine, and it doesn’t deform easily. It maintains its dimensional stability nicely after hardening and tempering.Lots of amateur metalsmiths and budding knifemakers also like working with A2 steel. In fact, you may want to specify the use of A2 steel for a custom knife.AffordableA2 steel knives are generally more affordable. It’s because of the relatively simple chemical makeup, and also because it’s just so easy for knife manufacturers to work with.Extremely ToughThis simply won’t chip off easily, and it can withstand hacking uses that can break and chip off harder steels. That’s why it’s popular for fixed blade knives, and especially for use in outdoor activities. It’s tougher than almost all the knife steels out there.Good Edge RetentionYou won’t have to sharpen the knife every day, and surely not in the middle of the day. In fact, some A2 knives can be used daily for a couple of months before it needs to be sharpened. It keeps its edge nicely, although its edge retention isn’t at the super-steel level.Relatively Easy to SharpenYou can use water stones or basic Arkansas stones just fine, and it won’t take you a very long while.Acceptable Corrosion ResistanceThat means you can use this in humid areas and it won’t rust with proper maintenance. But you will have issues with patina, since it’s not stainless steel.A2 Equivalent Steels or AlternativeA2 Steel vs D2The D2 offers a greater balance in terms of all-around performance. It’s slightly better at maintaining a sharp edge, it’s somewhat easier to sharpen, and it’s even a tad better at resisting corrosion.On the other hand, the A2 is notably tougher, which means it’s less likely to chip off. If you’re going to prioritize toughness when you use a knife more for hacking, then perhaps the A2 is the better choice. The A2 is also generally more affordable, since it’s easier for brands to work with.A2 vs o1 SteelThe o1 is another good all-around performer. It matches the toughness and the edge retention of A2, while it’s slightly easier to sharpen. On the other hand, the A2 is much more corrosion-resistant.A2 Steel vs 3vMany also consider the 3v as the ideal steel for a fixed blade knife (especially when the price is also factored in). The 3v is astoundingly tough, and you won’t really find another steel that’s tougher than 3v. Yet the 3v edge retention is also a bit better than what you get with the A2 steel.On the other hand, you will find the A2 steel easier to sharpen, and it’s also a lot more affordable.A2 Steel vs M2The M2 can be quite hard, and its edge retention is better than the A2. But the A2 is easier to sharpen, as the M2 is definitely problematic when it comes to sharpening. The A2 is better at corrosion resistance, and it’s also much tougher. 

Types and Advantages of Steel Boiler PlateWhat are the advantages of using steel boilerplates?1. High Tensile Strength2. Extreme Temperature Resistance3. Versatile and Flexible Steel has become the standard material used in construction and manufacturing, being an important element in building projects and manufacturing different kinds of products. Due to its qualities like durability, longevity, versatility, and high-temperature resistance, steel is a material that can be used for a wide variety of applications.Along with being a very popular type of building material, steel is also used to create vessels and facilities designed to withstand high temperatures and contain both hot and corrosive substances. This type of temperature-resistant steel is called a steel boilerplate, and has a long history of being used in various industries. What is a Steel Boiler Plate?A steel boilerplate is a type of rolled steel that has a moderate thickness, which is around 3mm. While most types of rolled steel have similar features and qualities, steel boilerplates are manufactured to comply with a specific industry standard. A steel boilerplate is designed to not only have the qualities of industrial steel but also have increased temperature resistance.Steel boilerplates are used in industries that operate under high-temperatures and have corrosive or very hot substances in storage. Steel boilerplates can be used to create storage and industrial vessels like recompression chambers, fuel tanks, boilers, and pressure cylinders. Along with having the ability to withstand high temperatures, steel boilerplates are also designed to withstand high pressure to have maximum durability. What are the advantages of using Steel Boiler Plates?Using steel boiler plates has become commonplace across different types of industries, as they provide a wide range of qualities that other types of metals cannot provide. This makes them very advantageous to use in different applications, allowing other industries to make use of their qualities. Here are some of the other advantages that steel boilerplates have to offer. High tensile strengthSteel is always known as a material with high tensile strength, and boilerplates offer this advantage as well. Along with having the ability to withstand strong temperatures, boilerplates can withstand heavy impact and weight, making them very durable and long-lasting. This makes them ideal in very busy areas where operations like manufacturing, mining, extracting, and containment are present.This durability also makes steel boiler plates last longer compared to other metals. While other types of metals have difficulty operating in more extreme conditions, steel boilerplates are able to withstand these conditions, while still retaining the same level of durability. Maintaining and cleaning steel boilerplates is easier as well, as steel is an easy surface to clean and polish. This allows you to add an extra layer of protective coating that can prolong the life of steel. Extreme temperature resistanceAlong with having superior durability, steel boilerplates are also known for their resistance to extreme levels of temperatures. Steel boilerplates are regularly used in places where different kinds of gases and corrosive substances are present. This makes using other industrial material very difficult, as these substances are hard to contain, and the high temperatures will only damage the material. Using steel boilerplates will help contain and store these materials, preventing any leakage and hazards from happening.Along with being resistant to high temperatures, steel boilerplates are also resistant to lower temperatures, making them useful when operating in colder conditions. If you are looking for a material that has the ability to withstand different levels of temperature while retaining the same level of strength, steel boilerplates are the best option. Versatile and FlexibleSteel is one of the most versatile materials used in different industries across the world, allowing it to be used in different capacities and forms. This same versatility is also present in steel boilerplates as well, allowing them to be shaped and welded into different forms without compromising strength and performance. It helps steel boiler plates become more usable in different forms and functions.Steel boilerplates are designed to be formed into different shapes to accommodate different kinds of substances and elements, which is why it is made to be easier to weld and formed into different items. This makes steel boiler plates very easy to use when manufacturing products, providing you with temperature resistant tools and devices in a short period of time. Key TakeawaySteel is known for its ability to retain its strength in extreme conditions, and steel boilerplates are no exception. The ability to withstand very high temperatures while also being versatile and easy to manufacture makes steel boiler plates a quality steel option. 

ARE COMPOSITES A VIABLE ALTERNATIVE TO STEEL IN OIL AND GASThe oil and gas industry has traditionally used steel throughout the hydrocarbon value-chain, from the construction of wells and rig systems to onshore pipelines, storage tanks and refineries. However, composites are gaining traction thanks to the numerous advantages they offer over conventional building materials like steel and aluminum. Using composites leads to a reduction in the overall weight of the structure, offers better corrosion resistance properties, reduces the overall operational cost and offers greater design flexibility.The Current ScenarioComposites are currently used in the oil and gas industry to manufacture risers, drill pipes and tubing, pressure vessels, tanks and pipe systems for fluid transport. They are also used in secondary applications such as in the grids and gratings, handrails, cable trays, ladders, decking and flooring of offshore platforms. Composites are in demand for operations at greater depths as a replacement for metal in subsea piping, such as the growing adoption of thermoplastic composites (TCP) in deep-sea oil and gas applications. In 2009, Airborne Oil and Gas, a manufacturer of TCP, became the first company to develop and deploy an offshore TCP downline. One major factor that aided the adoption of TCP was that it is cheaper and easier to transport, prepare and install than steel.Composites are being adopted widely across the oil and gas industry. Airborne Oil and Gas’ carbon fiber reinforced PVDF has shown to generate 30% greater savings on as-installed cost compared to steel, while Saudi Aramco has deployed composite materials across significant portions of its oil and natural gas flowline network. In addition, Technip FMC and Magma Global have entered a partnership to develop a new carbon fiber composite hybrid flexible pipe (HFP) for use in offshore applications while Solvay’s partnership with Baker Hughes aims to implement TCP in offshore flexible pipes and risers.Addressing ChallengesDespite all the benefits that composites offer, the oil and gas industry has shown reluctance in adopting composite solutions. This is often attributed to widespread conservatism among the old guard in the industry, who believe that steel is “good enough” to meet their needs. Another major challenge that composites face is the absence of a global design and qualification standard. Current qualifications for a new composite pipeline product stipulate a minimum required testing time of more than a year and a half. To enable the future widespread adoption of composites, Saudi Aramco signed a charter with TWI Ltd. and the National Structural Integrity Research Center to create the Non-Metallic Innovation Center (NIC) in September 2019. The center will develop field application technologies that are non-metallic and ready to deploy. The aim is to increase the adoption of composites by improving existing qualifications and developing new service standards, inspection and monitoring technologies.ConclusionThere is an enormous opportunity for the adoption of composites in pipe systems, risers, umbilical and frac plugs, and balls used during hydraulic fracturing. Composites would also be quite useful in repairing offshore defects and are a helpful alternative to traditional maintenance practices because they can often be performed without having to shut down the operations.Compared to industries such as aerospace, automotive and construction, where composites have been widely used for decades, the adoption rate of composites in the oil and gas sector has been slow. There is a lack of relevant performance information to contend with, particularly in hostile offshore environments, which are a major hinderance to the growth of composites. However, the benefits offered by composite materials outweigh the perceived risks inherent in using new material technologies. 

5 Facts You Need to Know About Stainless Steel Tubes Unless you are a metal maestro, you may not know all there is to know about metal alloys and their properties. And from carbon steel to cast iron to stainless steel, there are several materials to choose from when it comes to tubing for hydraulic, pneumatic, or other industrial projects. When choosing which material is best for the job, why not weigh the pros and cons of the metal and its properties? But before you become overwhelmed with alloy grades and chemical properties, let us help you organize your thoughts with some must-know facts about stainless steel tubing. 1 Strength & ductility: Stainless steel offers greater strength and higher mechanical properties than other tubing options including carbon steel and cast iron tubes. Even at high temperatures, stainless steel tubes keep their high tensile and stress-to-rupture strength. And because stainless steel is as strong as it is, the walls of stainless steel tubes can be made thinner, giving it higher ductility, as well.2 Resistance: Thanks to its chromium, nickel and molybdenum composition, stainless steel tubing offers significantly more resistance to corrosive elements, oxidation, erosion, and high temperatures than most other metal tubes. And because it resists corrosive elements like those often found in seawater environments so well, stainless steel tubing is the premium choice for shipbuilding and maritime applications.3 Heat Treatability & Welding Capabilities: Certain stainless steel alloys, such as 410, are heat treatable. This can be helpful when stainless steel tubes need to be modified to achieve certain physical or chemical properties. Certain stainless steel sheets can also be easily welded into various shapes and sizes.4 Versatility: Stainless steel tubes work for an extensive range of applications thanks to its strength, ductility, durability, corrosion resistance, and lower coefficient of friction.5 Cost Effectiveness: One of the most appealing benefits to hydraulic and pneumatic industry professionals is the fact that stainless steel tubes cost less to maintain and can save you money over time because of their long service life.  So is stainless steel tubing the best candidate for the job? If it is, you can also gain the peace of mind that you are simultaneously supporting a more sustainable environment. Stainless steel tubes are 100 percent recyclable and do not cause pollution.

Steel and Other Heat-Resistant Metal QualitiesThere are several major factors that you may be considering for any project that involves metal materials, and heat resistance is often on this list. Whether a project itself is carried out in high heat conditions or it’s expected that the product’s application will involve a need for heat resistance, this is a key area to be focused on – and steel is one of several metals that may be ideal here.Why Does Heat Resistance Matter?Firstly, before we get into the specifics of heat resistance, it’s important to remember why this trait is even necessary. In most cases, it’s because the application of a product could require withstanding temperatures that would otherwise be too high for normal use.For example, a steel-made product used in the automotive industry or other related industries, may be exposed to temperatures of up to 1000°F. To survive those conditions and still operate as required, you’d need adequate heat resistance.In other cases, the application may require that a product is as resistant to heat as possible, such as when using steel to make foodservice equipment or drinking tanks. In either case, it’s useful to know what types of metal or metal alloys are better suited for these high temperature tasks.What Makes a Metal Heat Resistant?Various elements may play a role here, but most in the metal industry consider 1200 degrees Fahrenheit to be roughly the “threshold” for metal heat resistance. Here are some of the qualities that help make a metal able to resist damage or deformation at temperatures at or above this range:· Oxidation resistance: Oxidation is a chemical reaction that occurs when oxygen interacts with certain metals. Heat can accelerate oxidation and cause damage to the metal over time, so higher oxidation resistance helps make a metal more heat resistant.· Stress rupture life: When a metal is heated and then cooled, it can be subject to a process called thermal cycling. This repeated heating and cooling can cause stress fractures, which reduces the integrity of the metal. A metal with higher stress rupture life can better resist this effect.· Malleability and ductility: When heated, some metals may become very brittle or breakable, so having malleability and ductility can be advantageous.· Tensile strength: Finally, metals with higher tensile strength are often able to maintain their shape better when exposed to extreme temperatures.Possible Sacrifices to Achieve Heat ResistanceDepending on the metal alloy in question, those looking for extreme heat resistance may have to sacrifice some other metal qualities. These may include:· Weldability: In some cases, having an excessively high melting point can make a metal difficult to weld.· Corrosion resistance: Heat-resistant metals may not always be corrosion resistant to the same degree as other alloys.· Strength at lower temperatures: Some heat-resistant alloys may have less strength in normal use conditions.· Creep: Referring to scratch resistance, some heat-resistant alloys may be more prone to scratching or damage from contact with other objects.· Thermal fatigue: Metals with a high melting point may be more likely to suffer from thermal fatigue, which is damage caused by repeated heating and cooling cycles.· Thermal expansion: Another issue with some heat-resistant metals is that their thermal expansion rate may be higher than desired for certain applications.Metals With High Heat ResistanceMany metals can exhibit one or more of the qualities listed above, but some are better suited for extreme heat resistance than others. Here are some of the top examples:· Stainless steel: One of the most well-known heat resistant metals, stainless steel is often used in high temperature tasks. It’s often corrosion resistant, and it offers a high tensile strength at elevated temperatures.· Titanium: This metal is popular for its exceptional heat resistance, as well as low thermal expansion and excellent weldability.· Tungsten: This is another metal with exceptional heat resistance, and it also boasts a high melting point.· Nickel alloys: Nickel-based alloys are often used in extreme temperature applications, thanks to their oxidation resistance at high temperatures.· Molybdenum: This metal can resist temperatures up to 3,600 degrees Fahrenheit, and it’s also corrosion resistant.· Inconel: One of the top heat-resistant alloys, Inconel is often used in aerospace applications due to its exceptional strength at high temperatures.No matter which metal alloy you choose for your next project, familiarizing yourself with the qualities listed above can help you make an informed decision and choose the best heat-resistant metal for your job. Knowing what possible sacrifices may be required to achieve heat resistance is also essential, as it helps provide a full picture of what any given alloy can offer. 

Broad Basics on the World of Metal FinishingThere are a few concepts or processes that are simply vital within the world of metal manufacturing and metalwork, and one of the most notable here is finishing. Finishing is a broad category that speaks to various treatments used to affect a metal’s molecular structure, and offers numerous ways to improve the surface of a metal with specific applications or needs in mind.Why Metal Finishing is VitalFor those who are just learning about metal finishing, it’s important to understand why the process exists and how it can be beneficial. Finishing is used to improve a metal’s surface qualities, such as resistance to corrosion or oxidation, conductivity, wear and abrasion resistance, reflectivity or other desired attributes.The aim of any metal finishing process is to create an outer layer that will be better suited for the specific needs of your application. Finishing is also a great way to increase both visual and aesthetic appeal through polishing, coating or other treatments.For these reasons, finishing is one of the most common treatments done to metal objects, including metal pipes and metal sheets.Types of Metal FinishingThere are several types of metal finishing out there depending on the application and other factors. These include:· Grinding: This process uses abrasive materials to smooth the surface of a metal. It can be used for some basic grinding, or in more fine finishing processes such as polishing and honing.· Plating: Plating involves applying thin layers of metal material on top of a host metal to provide improved characteristics, often related to corrosion resistance or wear resistance.· Electroplating: One particular type of plating, electroplating involves adding a thin layer of metal material to the surface of another through an electric current.· Anodizing: Anodizing is another type of metal finishing that uses an electrical current to create a protective layer on the surface of the metal.· Powder coating: This process involves spraying dry powdered paint onto a metal surface, which will then be heated to form a strong and durable finish.· Polishing or buffing: This type of metal finishing involves using an abrasive material to create a smooth, shiny surface.· Painting: While this is not a metal-specific process, painting on metals can offer excellent protection and also create an aesthetically appealing finish.· Blasting: Sand, glass beads or other materials are used to create a matte finish on certain metals. This allows for a strong, durable finish on the surface of the metal.· Brushing: Another technique used to give metal objects a glistening finish, this process involves brushing the surface with an abrasive material.Key Factors To Consider When Selecting A Finish TypeWhen you’re deciding which type of metal finishing is best for your application, there are several factors that need to be taken into consideration. These include:· Base metal being used: Different metal finishes are better suited to certain base metals, so be sure to look into which type of finish is best for your particular material. For instance, anodizing is often best for aluminum, while electroplating is usually used on brass or copper.· Aesthetic needs: What kind of look and feel do you want your metal to have? Keep this in mind when selecting a finish type so that you achieve the desired outcome.· Protection and durability requirements: Different finishes offer different levels of protection and durability, which is an important factor to consider. For instance, painting can be a great way to protect against corrosion or weathering, while anodizing offers excellent wear and abrasion resistance.· Cost: Different metal finishes come with different costs associated with them, so it’s important to keep this in mind as well.By understanding the different types of metal finishing and key factors to consider when selecting a finish type, you can make sure that you choose the right metal solution for your particular application. Not only can this help ensure that you get the desired aesthetic results, but also protect against wear-and-tear or corrosion in the long run. 

How Different ASTM A53 and A500?ASTM A500 is available in cross-sections matching each of the cross-sections for ASTM A53steel pipe, there are many more cross-sections available in A500. ASTM A53 StandardsASTM A53 pipe, a standard specification for black and hot-dipped, zinc-coated, welded and seamless  steel pipe, is used for mechanical and pressure applications as well as ordinary uses in steam, water, gas and air lines. ASTM A53 can be formed and welded. Pipe sizes are properly designated using the Nominal Pipe Size (NPS).  This is the nominal pipe diameter with a scheduled wall thickness (i.e., 4 inch Schedule 40 pipe). the ASTM A53 Specification requires testing (i.e., pressure testing) that is not needed for structural applications. This additional testing can add unnecessary additional cost. A53 pipe are only available in standard pipe sizes.  Round HSS come in a variety of sizes and wall thicknesses.  ASTM A500 StandardsASTM A500 is a standard specification for cold-formed welded and seamless carbon steel structural tubing in round, square and rectangular shapes. ASTM A500 is the most common specification in North America for Hollow Structural Sections.  Round HSS sections are properly designated by indicating the outside diameter in decimal inches by the nominal wall thickness to three decimal places (i.e., 5.563 x 0.250).  ASTM A500 applications include structural supports, building columns, highway signs, oil field services and communication towers, to name a few. All steel structures have their pros and cons, but ultimately ASTM A500 is the better choice when you need a round profile. The tolerances of A500 are tighter than those of A53, therefore the A500 round HSS have a higher degree of quality and less variability.A500 round HSS have greater strength-to-weight ratios than A53 pipes.

Heat treatment of steel - general definitions and terms Without heat treatmentRolled, forged or cast steel without heat treatment Controlled coolingCooling from an elevated temperature (after hot plastic deformation) in a  predetermined way. Tnis process produces a definite microstructure and mechanical properties and it prevents strain hardening, cracking and internal damages Soft annealingAnnealing at the temperature range A1 or oscillating around A1 foolowed by slow cooling. The purpose is to obtain the struture of spheroidized  perlite and to reduce hardness for further machining or cold forming. This ensures the most suitable structure for further heat treatment. Soft annealing with recrystallizationHeating just above A3 and rapid cooling to lower perlite or upper bainite range with spheroidizing just below Ac1. The process diminishes austenite grains and leads to a 100% spheroidizing of perlite which is most suitable for further heat treatment. Grain coarseningThis is used especially for low-carbon steels which are machined after heat treatment. The temperature range of this annealing is 100-200°C above Ac3. Cooled to ferritic-perlitic range. The purpose is to produce large ferritic-perlitic grains with lamellar perlite improving machinability of heat-treatable steel. Annealing to a definite strenghtHeating to 800-950°C, adequate cooling, then tempering at 500-650°C. The purpose is to produce heat-treatable steel and case-hardening steel of a definite strength. Annealing to ferritic-perlitic structureAfter austenitizing, steel is cooled down to temperature of perlite transformation and is then held isothermally. Cooling rate depends on hardness requirement. The purpose of this annealing is to produce a ferrite-perlite structure of case-hardening steel. Stress-relief annealingAnnealing at a suitable temperature followed by a very slow cooling (to reduce and prevent internal stresses). Steel should be stress-relived at least 25°C below the tempering temperature. This annealing reduces internal stresses induced by rolling, forging, casting, cold forming, irregular cooling, welding, machining. HomogenizingAnnealing at high temperatures just below solidus (1000-1300°C), depending on steel grade. This process diminishes inhomogeneity in steel and equlizes local diffrences in concentrations of chemical elements in crystal segregation. DehydrogenationA long anneal cycle of steel containing hydrogen which is therefore subjected to form "flakes" or temperature oscillating above A1, followed by slow cooling down to room temperature. The purpose is to reduce hydrogen content and to avoid the danger of "flakes". RecrystallizationAnnealing after cold work to renew the ability of steel for cold work. Recrystallization temperature is above 600°C. The purpose is to obtain polygonal grains suitable for further cold plastic deformation. NormalizingHeating the hypoeutectoid steel just above Ac3 and hypereutectoid steel above Ac1 followed by air cooling. The purpose is to obtain a small anduniform perlitic structure throughout the whole piece (after rolling, forging and casting) improving mechanical properties. In casting, it eliminates a rough cast structure. Structure is conditioned for further heat treatment. Quench hardeningHeat treatment comprised of austenitzing followed by cooling in air, oil, water or some other medium that allows the transformation of austenite to martensite or bainite with the highest possible hardness. Austempering/MartemperingAustempering-Steel cooling from austenitizing temperature to the bainte transformation temperature where it is held until a suitable isothermal transformation into bainite is implemented, followed by cooling down to the ordinary temperature. Martempering-Heat treatment comprised of austenitizing followed by step quenching at a rate fast enough to avoid the formation of ferrite, perlite or bainite, to a temperature slightly above Ms and soaking for long enough to ensure that the temperature is uniform but short enough to avoid the formation of bainite. Case hardening, surface hardeningQuench hardening treatment after surface heating. According to the type of heating, we destnguish between flame hardening and induction hardening. The purpose is to achieve and abrasive resistant surface and to retain the tough core part. Step quenchingQuenching during which the process of cooling is temporarly interrupted by soaking in a medium at a suitable temerature. The purpose is to reduce the danger of deformation and cracking in quenching process. Hardening after case hardeningBlank hardeningHerdening of uncarburized case-hardening steels to determine mechanical properties of ucarburized regions of parts. Direct quenchingHardening of a carburized part directly after carburization (or after cooling) from the temperature suitable for a carburized layer. Single quenchingSingle hardening of case or core after carburizing Double quenchingDouble hardening of carburized steels. The first hardening from the austenitizing temperature of core, the second one from the temperature which is suitable for case hardening. The purpose is to obtain an abrasive resistant case. TemperingIt consists of heating to specific temperatures below Ac1 for one or more times and holding at these temperatures. Followed by appropriate cooling rate. It should be temperd immediately after quenching. The purpose is to transform a hardend structure, to improve mechanical properties and to reduce internal stresses. Quenching and temperingQuench hardening followed by tempering at high temperature with aim of obtaining the desired mechanical properties and, in particular, good ductility. QuenchingHeating to a definite temperature depending on steel composition without changing its ferritic or austentic structure, holding at that temperature and rapid cooling. The result is a homogeneous structure (dissolved carbides), maximum toughness and an improved corrosion resistance. Precipitation hardeningHeating to a definite temperature (determined by the cemical composition of steel), holding at thet temperature for several hours and cooling. The aim is to reach the  percipitation of special phases to obtain higher hardnes. Thermomechanical treatmentCombination of hot plastic deformation of heat treatment. The purpose is to obtain special mechanical properties. Change in resistance to deformation and cracks. AgingAge hardening-Hardening at room temperature after rapid cooling or cold working. Artificial hardening-Aging above room temperature. The purpose is to stabilaze structure stresses and dimension.

GRADES OF HOT ROLLED STEELWhen it comes to an excellent combination of mechanical properties such as tensile strength, shear strength, toughness, hardness, and ductility, it is hard to beat carbon steel. When it comes to having all of those mechanical properties at an affordable rate, it is hard to beat hot rolled carbon steel. Hot rolled carbon steel is a metal alloy comprised mostly of iron with some carbon that is rolled down in size from an ingot, at a heat level above its recrystallization temperature. Forming hot rolled carbon steel at this high temperature gives it excellent mechanical properties while keeping costs lower than a cold-rolled carbon steel. There are many grades of hot rolled carbon steel available, which might raise the question: “What is the difference among all of the hot rolled steel grades?” This article answers that question. The following are some common Grades of Hot Rolled Steel:A36C1010C1018A1011C1026A500C1045C1141 A36ASTM A36 steel is one of the most popular hot rolled steels that Metal Supermarkets sells. When it comes to hot rolled steel, Metal Supermarkets carries product with designations from two organizations: the American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI) and the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM). A36 is an ASTM-designated material. It is considered a low carbon steel, since its carbon content is generally between 0.25% and 0.29% by weight. The “36” in A36 is significant in that it specifies the minimum yield tensile strength at 36,000 psi. A36 is very machinable, weldable, and has excellent mechanical properties. This is part of the reason it is so popular, and why it is widely used in structural applications. Metal Supermarkets sells ASTM A36 in round bar, rectangular bar, square bar, channel, angle, plate, tread plate, round tube, and shafting. C1010 and C1018AISI C1010 and AISI C1018 are two hot rolled steels that are very similar. They are both low carbon. In fact, the only noticeable difference between their chemical compositions is their carbon content. C1010 is 0.08% to 0.13% carbon by weight and C1018 is 0.14% to 0.20% carbon by weight. The difference in carbon content between them can result in slight variations to ductility and tensile strength, but for the most part they are quite similar. They are both weldable, machinable, and formed relatively easily when compared with alloy and high carbon steels. Metal Supermarkets provides C1010 in round tube and C1018 in round bar and mesh sheet. C1010 and C1018 are widely used in structural applications, and are also used frequently in the automotive and furniture industries. A1011A1011 is another ASTM-designated hot rolled steel that Metal Supermarkets offers. This grade can also have small amounts of other trace elements that make it a very versatile steel. It is widely used in sheet steel structural applications, automotive bodies, drums, and general metal fabrication. Metal Supermarkets provides A1011 in the flat sheet form as well as the expanded metal form. C1026C1026 is an AISI-designated steel that very closely mimics the ASTM-designated A36 steel mentioned above. Their chemical properties have a lot of overlap, with their carbon contents both being on the upper limit of what constitutes a low carbon steel. AISI 1026 has a target carbon content of 0.22% to 0.26% by weight. When they are both in the hot rolled condition, their mechanical properties are quite similar as well. Both AISI C1026 and ASTM A36 are great choices when a hot rolled steel is needed, with more strength than an A1011, C1010, or C1018 can provide. AISI C1026 is used for structures, automotive components, and furniture, to name a few areas where this hot rolled steel is used. C1026 is available from Metal Supermarkets in square tube and rectangular tube. A500ASTM A500 is another low carbon hot rolled steel. It can have up to 0.26% carbon by weight in its chemical composition, and is quite similar to ASTM A36. One main difference between ASTM A500 and ASTM A36 is the shape in which each type of hot rolled steel is available. As previously mentioned, A36 is available in round bar, rectangular bar, square bar, channel, angle, plate, tread plate, round tube, and shafting. A500, on the other hand, is solely used for tubing. Metal Supermarkets carries A500 in square and rectangular tubing in particular. Applications for ASTM A500 are similar to other low carbon hot rolled steels; they are used abundantly in structural applications. C1045C1045 is another AISI designated hot rolled steel. What makes this hot rolled steel different from the previously mentioned steels is that it is a medium carbon steel. With 0.42% to 0.50% carbon by weight, it generally provides more strength than low carbon hot rolled steels. C1045 also has enough carbon where it becomes quite receptive to heat treating. This means that through quench hardening and annealing, its mechanical properties can be altered. C1045 is used in applications similar to low carbon hot rolled steel, except it is typically preferred to low carbon steel when strength is more of a concern than ductility. Metal Supermarkets sells AISI C1045 in the form of round bars and plate. C1141AISI C1141 is another medium carbon hot rolled steel, similar to C1045. However, AISI C1141 has additions of sulfur and manganese that give it different properties. First, heat treating can be more effective on C1141 than C1045. Second, C1141 is considered a free machining steel. This means that it is easier on machining tools, which is important as carbon content increases because the corresponding increase in hardness can hinder machinability. It is important to note, however, that the additions of sulfur that make C1141 easily machinable also make it unweldable, in general. AISI C1141 is available in shafting and round bar forms from Metal Supermarkets. AISI C1141 is frequently used in components that require a lot of machining and in certain types of fasteners.

8 COMMON USES FOR HARD-DRAWN WIREHard-drawn wire is so common and affordable that you might not realize that many objects you use every day are made from it. As a matter of fact, it is a part of almost every industry in the United States.  Essentially, it is steel that is drawn to the required diameter without any extra processing. It is used in low-stress applications and can be bent into whatever form, size, or strength is necessary. Here is a look at 8 common uses for hard-drawn wire.1.Shopping CartsIf you have ever pushed a shopping cart at your local grocery store, it was most likely made from hard-drawn steel or a combination of hard-drawn steel and plastic. The owner of Piggly Wiggly came up with the idea in 1937, and the American public has used them ever since.2.BasketsMany metal baskets are also made from hard-drawn steel, particularly the handheld ones offered in many retail and grocery stores. Like with shopping carts, because the steel is inexpensive, it is easy and not too costly to make them in large quantities.3.Car PartsSome parts of your car or vehicle may be made from hard-drawn steel, particularly springs used in the automotive industry. The price of the steel may even help keep the price of vehicles from climbing to unaffordable numbers.4.HooksWhether you hang them on your wall or use them to fish with, most hooks are made from hard-drawn steel. They must be strong enough so that they do not bend with something hangs or is caught on them.5.Sewing Needles and Safety PinsJust like hooks, most basic sewing needles, as well as straight pins and safety pins, are made from hard-drawn steel. Again, it allows them to be mass-produced, and this is why you can buy a pack for a couple of dollars.6.Hair AccessoriesIf you use any kind of metal hair accessories, like bobby pins or plastic clips with metal springs, they are most likely made from hard-drawn wire. Women have been using bobby pins to hold their hair in place since the late 19th century.7.Overhead Transmission WireNext time you drive down the street, take a look up at the telephone or electric transmission wires overhead. Yes, they are usually made from hard-drawn wire, as well.8.ShelvingMetal shelving is great for commercial and industrial use, but most stores do not want to pay much for study fixtures. That’s why they often choose shelving made from hard-drawn wire. Some other metal furniture is made from it, too.